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Roselina Angel, Ph.D. Purina Mills, Inc.P.O. Box 66812 St. Louis, MO 63166ABSTRACTVitamin and also mineral level were established in the egg of ostriches and also compared with poultry conventional values as an indicator point. Deficiencies or excesses of vitamins and/or mineral in the laying hen, and thus in the egg, can lead to infertility, bad hatchability and early chick wellness problems. Specifics are described. Also, rewildtv.com on vitamin and mineral deficiencies is given.INTRODUCTIONKnowledge the the nutrient content in the egg have the right to be a great tool in examining nutritional difficulties in breeder bird diets. Before looking in ~ the nutrient contents in the egg, an overview of the environment, management and health the the reproducing bird have to be undertaken. If the rewildtv.com obtained suggests that the problems may be nutritional, or that there is a possibility that nutrition might be implicated, climate egg nutritional analysis can it is in a good tool.Extensive research has been done in poultry top top nutrient contents of the egg, and also on the influence of diet nutrient level on egg nutrient level (Naber, 1979; Robel, 1993; Stadelman and also Pratt, 1989; Squires and also Naber, 1993). The influence of the nutritional content of the laying hen's diet ~ above the nutritional content of the egg varies, relying on the nutrient. Because that example, riboflavin and biotin content in the egg space markedly influenced by dietary transforms (Squires and also Naber, 1993, Frigg et al., 1984), yet choline is not (Stadelman and also Pratt, 1989). When diet has vital effect ~ above egg nutrient content, management, genetics and also environment additionally play a role.Limited rewildtv.com is obtainable on ostrich egg ingredient (Angel, 1993: Angel, 1994). The data gift in the very first portion that the record is supposed to serve as a pointer for average nutrient worths in the egg of hens fed through feeds with well-known nutrient content, and also to hens fed 8 various diets representative of feeds in the joined States.MATERIALS and METHODSOstrich egg were derived from ranches in Texas, Arkansas, California and Indiana. Eggs were obtained from hens v a known feed history. At the very least 8 different varieties of feed from various feed suppliers were fed to the hen sampled. The worths presented in Table 1 represent average values for the variety of eggs sampled to date from hen being fed various diets. Sampling has been done of egg from details hens where the feeding was also analyzed (Table 2). This offers some indication of just how well feeding nutrients room being integrated into the egg.Eggs were identified to it is in infertile in ~ 10 come 14 days right into incubation. In ~ this time, the egg were sent out to a central location and immediately processed because that analysis.
rewildtv.comrmation on weight of egg at the moment it was laid, at the begin of incubation, and also at the time it was eliminated from the incubator to be recorded. This rewildtv.comrmation was used to correct for moisture losses ~ the egg was laid. The eggs were processed as follows: as soon as the eggs to be received, the egg content was removed and also frozen (-20 C) till analyzed. For analysis, the egg content was thoroughly mixed, a sample taken because that dry matter determination and also a huge (200 ml) aliquot was taken and also freeze dried. The freeze-dried material was used for protein, fat, vitamin and mineral analyses. Every analyses were carried out making use of approved combination of main Chemists (1980) procedures.RESULTS and also DISCUSSIONThe results obtained for egg nutrient content from eggs laid by hen being fed various diets space presented in Table 1. rewildtv.comrmation derived from the literature on chicken values that have actually been uncovered to maximize egg production, hatchability, and livability is included in the table to serve as a guideline.Moisture, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, iodine, and also iron contents of the ostrich eggs sampled were comparable to values released for chicken egg content. Of concern, were the low levels found for vitamin E, pantothenic acid, and manganese in ostrich eggs. Selenium was uncovered to be high in ostrich eggs versus poultry published values. Copper level in ostrich eggs tends to be low and exhibits high variability. Copper absorb is affected by the visibility of excess levels of other microminerals (iron, molybdenum, zinc) and also macrominerals (calcium).Table 1 Nutrient content of Ostrich and Chicken eggs (egg content only)
| Nutrient | Ostrich (n=79) Mean (std. dev.) | Chicken1 | |
| Moisture, % | 75.32 (1.01) | 74.7 | |
| (Dry issue Basis) | |||
| Protein, % | 47.0 (1.2) | 47.4 | |
| Fat, % | 44.3 (1.8) | 45.4 | |
| Calcium, % | .243 (.01) | .233 | |
| Phosphorus, % | .795 (.07) | .810 | |
| Vitamin A, IU/g | 16.29 (8.1) | 20.5 | |
| Vitamin E, IU/kg | 15.31 (10.5) | 39.95 | |
| Folic Acid, ppm | 1.51 (.4) | 1.18 | |
| Pantothenic Acid, ppm | 28.45 (6.9 | 55.3 | |
| Riboflavin, ppm | 9.12 (1.6) | 12.6 | |
| Thiamin, ppm | 5.02 (1.1) | 3.55 | |
| Magnesium, ppm | 540.0 (55) | 490.0 | |
| Manganese, ppm | 8.9 (2.9) | 15.8 | |
| Selenium, ppm | 1.53 (.7) | .60 | |
| Zinc, ppm | 51.6 (6.5) | 59.2 | |
| Iodine, ppm | 3.3 (.51) | 2.8 |
| Iron, ppm | 110.9 (7.6) | 90.9 |
| Copper, ppm | 1.5 (1.1) | 2.45 |
| 1 From: Cotterill et al., 1977, Latshaw and also Osman, 1975. | ||
| 2 values corrected because that moisture loss during incubation(ostrich eggs were obtained after 14 days of incubation). See more: A Sound Of Thunder Theme Of A Sound Of Thunder, Themes In A Sound Of Thunder By Ray Bradbury |
place because that nesting. The soil and sand must be analyzed. Cases of copper deficiencies have been documented. In these cases, one interfering mineral has actually been found in the soil and also forage. High levels of soil molybdenum, stole and/or zinc have actually been observed connected with the copper deficiency cases. These 3 minerals interfere v the absorb or use of copper, and also lead to deficiency regardless of adequate level of copper in the diet.Egg nutrient contents for egg from hens where the nutrient in the diet to be analyzed room presented in Table 2. These room preliminary values and should be provided with caution. It is necessary to keep in mind that these values were not derived from dose an answer experiments yet from hen being fed one diet. Nutrient interaction can and do occur often, and they will affect the method nutrients are took in and utilized. Also, the hens from which eggs were acquired were no all ~ above the same location and thus, water and soil mineral content have the right to have an affect on mineral level in the egg.In the evaluation done through Naber (1979) top top the result of nutrient on egg composition, he states that some nutrients in the egg space not influenced by diet. The adhering to nutrients in the egg content space minimally changed by transforms in the diet: water, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, amino acids, magnesium (Naber, 1979). Other nutrients in the egg content have been uncovered (Naber, 1979) come be an extremely responsive to dietary alters (vitamins A, D, E, K, and also B12, thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, linoleic acid, manganese, iodine).Table 2 Nutrient content of Ostrich Egg Content and also of Diet
| Nutrient | Ostrich (n=21) | Diet |
| Moisture, % | 75.5 (0.5) | 11.7 (.9) |
| (Dry issue Basis) | ||
| Calcium, % | .238 (.04) | 2.4 (.17) |
| Phosphorus, % | .793 (.07) | 1.1 (.08) |
| Vitamin A, IU/g | 18.51 (8.1) | 12.98 (.31) |
| Vitamin E, IU/kg | 39.18 (11.4) | 199 (14.7) |
| Folic Acid, ppm | 1.01 (.21) | 4.4 (.3) |
| Pantothenic Acid, ppm | 42.9 (6.9) | 26.2 (1.8) |
| Riboflavin, ppm | 11.3 (1.1) | 12.1 (0.6) |
| Manganese, ppm | 11.9 (2.9) | 215 (17) |
| Selenium, ppm | 1.42 (.7) | 46 (.02) |
| Copper, ppm | 3.1 (.9) | 25.7 (1.7) |
diseases), all at once sanitation the eggs and also sanitation in the incubator and also hatcher (and the rooms in i beg your pardon they are located), and also diet.
Table 3 results on the Embryo, Egg, Hen and Chick that Deficiencies that Vitamins and also Minerals(From Poultry NRC, 1984, 1994, and Scott et al, 1982)(Signs that have actually been observed and also can be traced earlier to a deficiency the the certain vitamin in ostriches are complied with by *)
| Vitamin | Effect |
| Vitamin A | -Early mortality |
| -Failure to develop a circulatory system | |
| -Abnormalities the the kidneys, eyes, and skeleton | |
| -Marked reduction in egg production | |
| -Increased time between clutches | |
| -Low hatchability | |
| -Increase in malposition embryos | |
| Vitamin D | -Low hatchability |
| -Late embryonic mortality | |
| -Shortened upper mandible in embryo | |
| -Increased manufacturing of slim shells or shell-less eggs | |
| -Low egg production | |
| -Increased incidence the malposition embryos | |
| Vitamin E | -Early embryonic mortality - circulatory fail * |
| -Late mortality | |
| -hemorrhages and also disturbances in circulatory system | |
| -High mortality that chicks shortly after flower * | |
| -Low hatchability | |
| -Prolonged deficiency in males causes testicular degeneration | |
| Thiamin (B1) | -Atrophy of genital organs, an ext pronounced in the testes than in the ovaries |
| -High embryonic mortality throughout hatching v no certain signs | |
| -Embryos the hatch will develop polyneuritis | |
| Riboflavin (B2) | -High mortality v peaks early, middle and late during incubation |
| -Embryos exhibition dwarfing, changed limb and mandible development, edema, defect in the down development (clubbed down)* | |
| -Low hatchability | |
| -Incidence of boost size and fat contents in liver in the hen |
| Niacin | -Embryos readily synthesize sufficient niacin from tryptophan if pyridoxine is adequate |
| Pyridoxine (B6) | -Decrease egg production |
| -Decrease hatchability | |
| -No specific effects ~ above embryos | |
| Folic Acid | -Late embryonic mortality (after inside pipping |
| -Bending that the tibiotarsus | |
| -Defects the the mandible, deformed beaks * | |
| -Syndactyly | |
| -Reduced hatchability | |
| -Twisted hocks | |
| Pantothenic Acid | -Very late mortality there is no characteristic signs |
| -Low hatchability | |
| -Very weak chicken at hatch | |
| -No result on egg production | |
| -Late embryonic mortality | |
| Mineral | Effect |
| Manganese | -Shortened bones |
| -Chondrodystrophy | |
| -Skull deformities, parrot beak * | |
| -Low egg production | |
| -Reduced egg shell strength | |
| -Increased incidence of thin shelled and shell less eggs* | |
| Zinc | -Embryos exhibit skeletal deformities including the head, limbs and also vertebrae faulty spine and limb development, caudal part of stems absent, little eyes, limbs missing |
| -Chicks that hatch are weak, have challenge standing, have actually an accelerated respiratory rate and show labored breathing | |
| -Decreased egg production | |
| Iodine | -Enlarged thyroid gland |
| -Incomplete closure of navel * | |
| -Prolonged incubation time | |
| -Decreased hatchability | |
| -Decrease egg production | |
| Selenium Deficiency | -Low egg production |
| -Very short hatchability |
| Selenium Excess | -Reduced egg production* |
| -Reduced hatchability* | |
| -Embryonic abnormalities* |
